Factors associated with status and self-perceived mental health changes in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

The SARS-CoV-2-triggered Public Health Emergency of International Importance has significantly contributed to emotional and mental health issues. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with self-perceived mental health changes while facing the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study that collected data via a web survey using a validated instrument. The study included individuals over 18 years old residing in the 26 federal units and the Federal District from August 2020 to November 2022. The sample was recruited using the snowball technique. Two logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the outcomes of interest. The first analysis considered individuals who rated their mental health condition as poor as the dependent variable, while the second analysis considered individuals who reported changes in their mental health during the pandemic as the dependent variable. The study found that individuals with complete college education and those using tranquilizers or antidepressants were more likely to perceive their mental health as poor (1.97 and 2.04 times higher likelihood, respectively). Increased consumption of ultra-processed foods during the pandemic was associated with a 2.49 higher likelihood of reporting mental health changes. Participants also reported more difficulty sleeping. The negative self-perception of mental health varied across Brazil's regions and changed over time, with different patterns observed before and after the vaccination period. In 2022, most regions of Brazil classified their mental health as "poor." The study highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, with increased prevalence of mental disorders and emotional problems among the population. The results highlight the presence of mental disorders and increased reporting of emotional problems among the population due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Influence of COVID-19 on the notification of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis cases.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of diagnosis and monitoring of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in the state of Paraná, Brazil, from 2015 to 2020. METHODS: Ecological study with quantitative approach. This study was based on diagnosed cases of pulmonary TB reported in the Notifiable Disease Information System in residents of Paraná; as well as through the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the state epidemiological bulletin for the year 2020. The study data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: It was found that, although the number of reported pulmonary TB cases (drug-resistant and general) increased between 2015 and 2019, there was a drop in notification in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The notification of TB cases was also influenced monthly during the year according to the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. For cases of drug-resistant pulmonary TB, the provision of diagnostic tests and Directly Observed Treatment decreased by more than half in 2020, especially when compared to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: In view of these findings, the influence of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and monitoring of drug-resistant and general pulmonary TB cases is evident, showing that the pandemic has compromised the advances of recent decades in achieving the goals established for its eradication by 2035.

Competências do enfermeiro de saúde pública em região fronteira: revisão de escopo / Competencias de enfermeros de salud pública en regiones fronterizas: revisión de alcance / Competencies of the public health nurse in a frontier region: a scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as evidências científicas sobre as competências específicas para a prática profissional do enfermeiro de saúde pública em região de fronteira. Métodos Scoping Review , conforme Instituto Joanna Briggs, por meio da questão norteadora: "Qual a produção de conhecimento sobre as competências necessárias para prática profissional de enfermeiros de saúde pública em região de fronteira?" Foram realizadas buscas em cinco bases de dados, com inclusão de estudos originais em inglês, espanhol, português e francês, publicados ou disponibilizados até junho de 2020, utilizando os descritores: enfermeiro, competência e áreas de fronteira. Resultados Dos 941 estudos encontrados, 58 foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra, resultando em uma amostra final de oito estudos de países distintos, sendo: Brasil, México, Suécia, Tailândia, Taiwan e Estados Unidos da América. A partir da análise de cada estudo, emergiram cinco competências específicas do enfermeiro de saúde pública que atua em regiões de fronteira, sendo Competência para: 1) Abordagem cultural 2) Competência para o cuidado integral e coletivo de enfermagem em região de fronteira; 3) Política para assistência em comunidades fronteiriças; 4) Linguística-comunicativa; 5) Atendimento transnacional. Conclusão Apesar de ambientes fronteiriços diversificados, os estudos selecionados apontaram competências de natureza cultural e social. O papel do enfermeiro em região de fronteira muda na medida em que a sociedade moderna se configura e se reorienta em direção a novas possibilidades identitárias. Tais mudanças refletem a necessidade de efetivar o cuidado em saúde que promova a proximidade das diferenças culturais.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar las evidencias científicas sobre las competencias específicas para la práctica profesional de los enfermeros de salud pública en regiones de frontera. Métodos Scoping Review , de acuerdo con el Instituto Joanna Briggs, mediante la siguiente pregunta orientadora: "¿Cuál es la producción de conocimientos sobre las competencias necesarias para la práctica profesional de los enfermeros de salud pública en regiones de frontera?". Se realizaron búsquedas en cinco bases de datos, que incluyeron estudios originales en inglés, español, portugués y francés, publicados o colocados a disposición hasta junio de 2020 y que utilizaron los descriptores: enfermero, competencia y áreas de frontera. Resultados De los 941 estudios encontrados, se seleccionaron 58 para lectura completa, que dio como resultado una muestra final de ocho estudios de diferentes países, a saber: Brasil, México, Suecia, Tailandia y Estados Unidos de América. A partir del análisis de cada estudio, surgieron cinco competencias específicas de los enfermeros de salud pública que actúan en regiones de frontera: 1) Enfoque cultural, 2) Competencia para el cuidado integral y colectivo de enfermería en regiones de frontera, 3) Política para la atención en comunidades fronterizas, 4) Lingüística comunicativa y 5) Atención transnacional. Conclusión A pesar de haber diversos ambientes fronterizos, los estudios seleccionados indicaron competencias de naturaleza cultural y social. El papel de los enfermeros en regiones de frontera cambia en la medida en que la sociedad moderna se configura y se reorienta hacia nuevas posibilidades identitarias. Estos cambios reflejan la necesidad de materializar los cuidados de la salud que promuevan la proximidad de las diferencias culturales.

Abstract Objective To identify the scientific evidence on the specific competencies for the professional practice of public health nurses in a frontier region. Methods Scoping Review , according to Joanna Briggs Institute, through the guiding question: "What is the knowledge production about the competencies necessary for the professional practice of public health nurses in a frontier region?" Searches were conducted in five databases, with original English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French studies published or made available by June 2020, using the descriptors: nurse, competence, and border areas. Results Among the 941 studies found, 58 were selected for full-text reading, resulting in a final sample of eight studies from different countries: Brazil, Mexico, Sweden, Thailand, Taiwan, and the United States of America. From the analysis of each study, five specific competencies of the public health nurse who works in frontier regions emerged, being Competence for: 1) Cultural approach; 2) Competence for integral and collective nursing care in a frontier region; 3) Policy for assistance in frontier communities; 4) Linguistic-communicative; 5) Transnational care. Conclusion The selected studies pointed out cultural and social competencies despite diversified frontier environments. The nurse's role in a frontier region changes as modern society configures itself and reorients itself toward new identity possibilities. Such changes reflect the need for effective health care that promotes proximity to cultural differences.

Risk areas for the occurrence of leprosy in border countries of South America - Brazil and Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to analyze the spatial association and relative risk (RR) of leprosy cases diagnosed in southern Brazil and in the Argentinean province of Misiones during 2010 to 2016. METHODS: This ecological-type epidemiological study analyzed data from the Health Ministries of both countries. The analysis included frequency measures, spatial autocorrelation, RR cluster analysis and map construction. RESULTS: A hyperendemic occurrence was identified in all study regions, in the state of Paraná 71.2% of the municipalities were hyperendemic and in Misiones, Argentina 41.2%. The GI* statistical analysis showed clusters of high incidence rates in the state of Paraná and low-risk clusters in much of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, both in Brazil. The analysis indicated an area with RR equal to 3.87 - (p < .0001) when considering the entire territory and an RR of 2.80 - (p < .0001) excluding the state of Paraná, with the number of departments of Misiones, Argentina included in the risk clusters increasing significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a high probability of similar illness in adjacent areas, according to their relative position in space, as the occurrence of the disease is influenced by neighboring clusters.

Temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence and its spatial distribution in Macapá - Amapá.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence after the implementation of the rapid molecular test (RMT-TB), to identify whether tuberculosis presents seasonal variation and to classify the territory according to case density and risk areas in Macapá, Amapá. METHODS: Ecological study of tuberculosis cases registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System for Notifiable Diseases) between 2001 and 2017. We used the Prais-Winsten test to classify the temporal trend of incidence and the interrupted time series to identify changes in the temporal trend before and after the implementation of the rapid molecular test, and to verify seasonality in the municipality. The Kernel estimator was used to classify case density and scan statistics to identify areas of tuberculosis risk. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 cases were identified, with a decreasing temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence (-0.27% per month, 95%CI -0.13 to -0.41). The time series showed no change in level after the implementation of the GeneXpert®MTB/RIF molecular test; however, the incidence increased in the post-test period (+2.09% per month, 95%CI 0.92 to 3.27). Regarding the seasonal variation, it showed growth (+13.7%/month, 95%CI 4.71 to 23.87) from December to June, the rainy season - called amazon winter season -, and decrease (-9.21% per month, CI95% -1.37 to -16.63) in the other periods. We classified areas with high density of cases in the Central and Northern districts using Kernel and identified three protection clusters, SC1 (RR = 0.07), SC2 (RR = 0.23) and SC3 (RR = 0.36), and a high-risk cluster, SC4 (RR = 1.47), with the scan statistics. CONCLUSION: The temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence was decreasing in the time series; however, detection increased after the introduction of RMT-TB, and tuberculosis showed seasonal behavior. The case distribution was heterogeneous, with a tendency to concentrate in vulnerable and risk territories, evidencing a pattern of disease inequality in the territory.

Perfil de recém-nascidos e fatores associados ao período de internação em unidade de cuidados intermediários / Newborn profile and factors associated with the period of hospitalization in an intermediate care unit / Perfil del recién nacido y factores asociados al tiempo de estancia en una unidad de cuidados intermedios

Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil de recém-nascidos hospitalizados em Unidade de Cuidados Intermediários Neonatais e associar fatores maternos e neonatais com o tempo de hospitalização. Métodos: Pesquisa transversal, documental, realizada em hospital universitário na Região Sul do Brasil, com 384 recémnascidos hospitalizados. Foi realizada análise descritiva e teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: A maioria das hospitalizações ocorreu no período neonatal precoce, de bebês do sexo masculino, etnia branca, idade gestacional 36 semanas, peso 2.690g, escore de Apgar 6,77 no primeiro e 8,49 no quinto minuto, e média de dias de internação de 8,49. Período de hospitalização prolongado foi associado às intercorrências maternas, prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer, sexo masculino, uso de antibióticos e ganho de peso. Conclusão: Reafirma-se a importância de conhecer as causas de hospitalização de recém-nascidos e compreender o perfil de adoecimento no período neonatal, para subsidiar políticas públicas e assistência de qualidade para reduzir a hospitalização e as morbidades perinatais. (AU)

Objective: To know the profile of newborns hospitalized in the Intermediate Neonatal Care Unit and associate maternal and neonatal factors with the length of hospitalization. Methods: Cross-sectional, documentary research, carried out in a university hospital in the South Region of Brazil, with 384 newborns hospitalized. A descriptive analysis and the chi-square test were performed. Results: Most hospitalizations occurred in the early neonatal period, of male babies, white ethnicity, gestational age 36 weeks, weight 2,690g, Apgar score 6.77 in the first and 8.49 in the fifth minute, and average days of hospitalization 8.49. Prolonged period of hospitalization was associated with maternal intercurrence, prematurity, low birth weight, male gender, use of antibiotics and weight gain. Conclusion: Reaffirms the importance of knowing the causes of hospitalization of newborns and understanding the profile of illness in the neonatal period, to subsidize public policies and quality assistance to reduce hospitalization and perinatal morbidities. (AU)

Objetivo: Conocer el perfil de los recién nacidos hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios Neonatales y asociar factores maternos y neonatales con el tiempo de hospitalización. Métodos: Investigación documental transversal, realizada en un hospital universitario de la Región Sur de Brasil, con 384 recién nacidos hospitalizados. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: La mayoría de las hospitalizaciones ocurrieron en el período neonatal temprano, de bebés varones, etnia blanca, edad gestacional 36 semanas, peso 2.690g, puntaje de Apgar 6.77 en el primer minuto y 8.49 en el quinto minuto y promedio de días de hospitalización de 8.49. La estancia hospitalaria prolongada se asoció con complicaciones maternas, prematuridad, bajo peso al nacer, sexo masculino, uso de antibióticos y aumento de peso. Conclusión: Se reafirma la importancia de conocer las causas de la hospitalización del recién nacido y comprender el perfil de la enfermedad en el período neonatal, con el fin de subsidiar políticas públicas y atención de calidad para reducir la hospitalización y las morbilidades perinatales. (AU)

Inequality of gender, age and disabilities due to leprosy and trends in a hyperendemic metropolis: Evidence from an eleven-year time series study in Central-West Brazil.

The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of leprosy (Hansen's Disease), in a hyperendemic metropolis in the Central-West region of Brazil. We studied trends over eleven years, both in the detection of the disease and in disabilities, analyzing disparities and/or differences regarding gender and age. This is an ecological time series study conducted in Cuiabá, capital of the state of Mato Grosso. The population consisted of patients diagnosed with leprosy between the years 2008 and 2018. The time series of leprosy cases was used, stratifying it according to gender (male and female), disability grade (G0D, G1D, G2D, and not evaluated) and age. The calendar adjustment technique was applied. For modeling the trends, the Seasonal-Trend decomposition procedure based on Loess (STL) was used. We identified 9.739 diagnosed cases, in which 58.37% were male and 87.55% aged between 15 and 59 years. Regarding detection according to gender, there was a decrease among women and an increase in men. The study shows an increasing trend in disabilities in both genders, which may be related to the delay in diagnosis. There was also an increasing number of cases that were not assessed for disability at the time of diagnosis, which denotes the quality of the services.

Information system on tuberculosis: data completeness spatial analysis in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatiality of completeness of the Information System on Diseases of Compulsory Declaration of tuberculosis in Paraná state, focusing on the border region. METHOD: A study composed by the notified cases of the disease treated in Paraná between 2008 and 2017. The variable completeness was classified as excellent (<5% of incompleteness), good (5 to <10%), regular (10 to <20%), poor (20% to 50%), and very poor (>50%). Moran global was used for the spatial correlation and local association was analyzed. Logistic regression was employed to assess the spatial association of the variables with the border and, for the significant variables, multiple logistic regression was used. The study abides by the resolution 510/2016 of the National Health Council. RESULTS: There was a "high-high" correlation for education level, 2- and 6-month sputum smear in the Eastern health macroregional and "high-high" correlation in the Northwestern macroregional for 2-month sputum smear and antibiotic sensitivity testing. There was no spatial association with the border. CONCLUSION: Unsatisfactory completeness was identified in the database and conglomerates, indicating spatial association of incompleteness of some variables, but with no relation with the border. There was no worsening of completeness nor of the case outcomes related to these regions.

Coping with COVID-19 in an international border region: health and economy.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze how the social isolation measures and closed borders affected the health and economy in an international border region. METHOD: descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the western region of Paraná, Brazil, using an electronic form created using Google® forms. A sample of 2,510 people was addressed. Descriptive analysis and the Chi-square test were performed, with a level of significance established at 5%. This public opinion survey, addressing unidentified participants, is in accordance with Resolutions 466/2012 and 510/2016. RESULTS: the participants were 41.5 years old on average, most were women and worked in the education sector; 41.9% reported that the closing of borders/commercial businesses negatively influenced income; 17.7% reported the possibility of losing their jobs; 89.0% consider that a larger number of people would be sick if the borders/commercial had not been closed; 63.7% believe the health services are not prepared to deal with the pandemic; 74.9% realize that the Brazilian Unified Health System may not have sufficient service capacity; 63.4% reported anxiety; and 75.6% of commercial workers will experience changes in their income level. CONCLUSION: the closing of international borders and commercial businesses was related to a perception of physical and mental changes, job loss, and decreased income.

Information system on tuberculosis: data completeness spatial analysis in the state of Paraná, Brazil / Sistema de información sobre tuberculosis: análisis espacial de la completitud de los datos en el estado de Paraná, Brasil / Sistema de informação em tuberculose: análise espacial da completude dos dados no estado do Paraná

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatiality of completeness of the Information System on Diseases of Compulsory Declaration of tuberculosis in Paraná state, focusing on the border region. Method: A study composed by the notified cases of the disease treated in Paraná between 2008 and 2017. The variable completeness was classified as excellent (<5% of incompleteness), good (5 to <10%), regular (10 to <20%), poor (20% to 50%), and very poor (>50%). Moran global was used for the spatial correlation and local association was analyzed. Logistic regression was employed to assess the spatial association of the variables with the border and, for the significant variables, multiple logistic regression was used. The study abides by the resolution 510/2016 of the National Health Council. Results: There was a "high-high" correlation for education level, 2- and 6-month sputum smear in the Eastern health macroregional and "high-high" correlation in the Northwestern macroregional for 2-month sputum smear and antibiotic sensitivity testing. There was no spatial association with the border. Conclusion: Unsatisfactory completeness was identified in the database and conglomerates, indicating spatial association of incompleteness of some variables, but with no relation with the border. There was no worsening of completeness nor of the case outcomes related to these regions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar espacialmente la completitud del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables relacionadas con la tuberculosis en el estado de Paraná, con foco en la región fronteriza. Método: Estudio compuesto por casos notificados de la enfermedad tratados en Paraná entre 2008-2017. La integridad de las variables se clasificó como excelente (<5% de incompletitud), buena (5 a <10%), regular (10 a <20%), mala (20 a 50%) y muy mala (>50%). Se utilizó Moran global para la correlación espacial y se analizó la asociación local. Se utilizó regresión logística para evaluar la asociación espacial de las variables con la frontera y, para las variables significativas, se realizó una regresión logística múltiple. El estudio cumple con la Resolución 510/2016 del Consejo Nacional de Salud. Resultados: Hubo una correlación "alta-alta" para educación, baciloscopia de 2º y 6º mes en la macrorregión de salud Este y correlación "alta-alta" en la macrorregión Noroeste para baciloscopia de 2º mes y prueba de sensibilidad a los antibióticos. No hubo asociación espacial con la frontera. Conclusión: Se identificó una completitud insatisfactoria en la base de datos y los conglomerados, lo que indica una asociación espacial de incompletitud en algunas variables, sin embargo, no relacionadas con la frontera. No hubo empeoramiento de la completitud o conclusión de los casos relacionados con estas regiones.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar espacialmente a completude do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação referentes à tuberculose no Paraná com foco na região de fronteira. Método: Estudo composto por casos notificados da doença tratados no Paraná entre 2008-2017. A completude das variáveis classificou-se em excelente (<5% de incompletude), boa (5 a <10%), regular (10 a <20%), ruim (20 a 50%) e muito ruim (>50%). Utilizou-se Moran global para correlação espacial e analisou-se associação local. Utilizou-se regressão logística para avaliar associação espacial das variáveis com a fronteira e, para as variáveis significativas, realizou-se regressão logística múltipla. O estudo atende à resolução 510/2016 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resultados: Houve correlação "alto-alto" para escolaridade, baciloscopia de 2º e 6º mês na macrorregional Leste de saúde e correlação "alto-alto" na macrorregional Noroeste para baciloscopia de 2º mês e teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Não houve associação espacial com a fronteira. Conclusão: Identificou-se completude insatisfatória no banco de dados e conglomerados, indicando associação espacial da incompletude de algumas variáveis, porém, sem relação com a fronteira. Não houve piora da completude ou do encerramento dos casos relacionado a essas regiões.

Coping with COVID-19 in an international border region: health and economy / Enfrentamento da COVID-19 em região de fronteira internacional: saúde e economia / Enfrentamiento de la COVID-19 en una región fronteriza internacional: salud y economía

Objective: to analyze how the social isolation measures and closed borders affected the health and economy in an international border region. Method: descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the western region of Paraná, Brazil, using an electronic form created using Google® forms. A sample of 2,510 people was addressed. Descriptive analysis and the Chi-square test were performed, with a level of significance established at 5%. This public opinion survey, addressing unidentified participants, is in accordance with Resolutions 466/2012 and 510/2016. Results: the participants were 41.5 years old on average, most were women and worked in the education sector; 41.9% reported that the closing of borders/commercial businesses negatively influenced income; 17.7% reported the possibility of losing their jobs; 89.0% consider that a larger number of people would be sick if the borders/commercial had not been closed; 63.7% believe the health services are not prepared to deal with the pandemic; 74.9% realize that the Brazilian Unified Health System may not have sufficient service capacity; 63.4% reported anxiety; and 75.6% of commercial workers will experience changes in their income level. Conclusion: the closing of international borders and commercial businesses was related to a perception of physical and mental changes, job loss, and decreased income.

Objetivo: analisar como o isolamento social e o fechamento das fronteiras repercutem na saúde e na economia em região de fronteira internacional. Método: estudo descritivo-transversal realizado no Oeste do Paraná, Brasil, por meio do questionário eletrônico Formulários Google®. Foi estudada uma amostra de 2.510 pessoas. Utilizou-se a análise estatística descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5%. Pesquisa de opinião pública, com participantes não identificados, que atende às Resoluções 466/2012 e 510/2016. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 41,5 anos, a maioria é do sexo feminino e composta por trabalhadores do setor de educação; 41,9% indicam que o fechamento das fronteiras/comércio influenciou negativamente a renda e, para 17,7%, existe a possibilidade de desemprego. Para 89,0%, o número de pessoas adoecidas seria maior caso as fronteiras/comércio não tivessem sido fechadas; 63,7% indicam que os serviços de saúde não estão preparados para enfrentar a pandemia; 74,9% percebem que o Sistema Único de Saúde pode não ter capacidade de atendimento; 63,4% sinalizam ansiedade e 75,6% dos trabalhadores do comércio terão alterações na renda. Conclusão: o fechamento das fronteiras internacionais e do comércio relacionou-se à percepção de alterações físicas e mentais, perda de emprego e de renda.

Objetivo: analizar cómo el aislamiento social y el cierre de las fronteras afectan la salud y la economía en una región fronteriza internacional. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal desarrollado en el occidente de Paraná, Brasil, utilizando el cuestionario electrónico Formularios Google®. Se estudió una muestra de 2.510 personas. Se utilizó análisis estadístico descriptivo, prueba de chi-cuadrado con nivel de significancia del 5%. Encuesta de opinión pública, con participantes no identificados, que cumple con las Resoluciones 466/2012 y 510/2016. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue de 41,5 años, mayoritariamente mujeres y trabajadores del sector educativo; el 41,9% indicó que el cierre de las fronteras/comercio afectó negativamente los ingresos y que, para el 17,7%, existe la posibilidad de desempleo. Para 89,0%, el número de personas enfermas habría sido mayor si las fronteras/comercio no se hubieran cerrado; 63,7% indica que los servicios de salud no están preparados para enfrentar la pandemia; 74,9% percibe que el Sistema Único de Salud puede no ser capaz de brindar atención; 63,4% informó ansiedad; y 75,6% de los trabajadores del comercio tendrán cambios en los ingresos. Conclusión: el cierre de las fronteras internacionales y el comercio se relacionó con la percepción de cambios físicos y mentales, pérdida de empleo e ingresos.

Temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence and its spatial distribution in Macapá - Amapá / Tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose e sua distribuição espacial em Macapá-AP

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence after the implementation of the rapid molecular test (RMT-TB), to identify whether tuberculosis presents seasonal variation and to classify the territory according to case density and risk areas in Macapá, Amapá. METHODS: Ecological study of tuberculosis cases registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System for Notifiable Diseases) between 2001 and 2017. We used the Prais-Winsten test to classify the temporal trend of incidence and the interrupted time series to identify changes in the temporal trend before and after the implementation of the rapid molecular test, and to verify seasonality in the municipality. The Kernel estimator was used to classify case density and scan statistics to identify areas of tuberculosis risk. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 cases were identified, with a decreasing temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence (−0.27% per month, 95%CI −0.13 to −0.41). The time series showed no change in level after the implementation of the GeneXpert®MTB/RIF molecular test; however, the incidence increased in the post-test period (+2.09% per month, 95%CI 0.92 to 3.27). Regarding the seasonal variation, it showed growth (+13.7%/month, 95%CI 4.71 to 23.87) from December to June, the rainy season - called amazon winter season -, and decrease (−9.21% per month, CI95% −1.37 to −16.63) in the other periods. We classified areas with high density of cases in the Central and Northern districts using Kernel and identified three protection clusters, SC1 (RR = 0.07), SC2 (RR = 0.23) and SC3 (RR = 0.36), and a high-risk cluster, SC4 (RR = 1.47), with the scan statistics. CONCLUSION: The temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence was decreasing in the time series; however, detection increased after the introduction of RMT-TB, and tuberculosis showed seasonal behavior. The case distribution was heterogeneous, with a tendency to concentrate in vulnerable and risk territories, evidencing a pattern of disease inequality in the territory.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência temporal da incidência da tuberculose após a implementação do teste rápido molecular, identificar se a tuberculose apresenta variação sazonal e classificar o território de acordo com a densidade de casos e as áreas de risco em Macapá-AP. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico composto por casos de tuberculose registrados no SINAN entre 2001 e 2017. Foi utilizado o teste Prais-Winsten para classificar a tendência temporal da incidência e a Série Temporal Interrompida para identificar mudanças na tendência temporal antes e depois da implementação do teste rápido molecular, além de verificar a sazonalidade no município. Utilizou-se o estimador de Kernel para classificar a densidade de casos e estatística de varredura para identificar áreas de risco da tuberculose. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 1730 casos, observando-se que a tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose foi decrescente (-0,27% por mês, IC95% −0,13 a −0,41). Não houve mudança de nível na série temporal após a implantação do teste molecular GeneXpert® MTB/RIF, porém, o período pós teste foi classificado como crescente em termos da incidência (+2,09% por mês, IC95% 0,92 a 3,27). Quanto à variação sazonal, apresentou crescimento (+13,7%/mês, IC95% 4,71 a 23,87) nos meses de dezembro a junho, referente ao período de chuvas - chamado inverno amazônico - e decréscimo (-9,21% por mês, IC95% −1,37 a −16,63) nos demais períodos. Por meio de Kernel, foram classificadas áreas com alta densidade de casos nos distritos Central e Norte e, com a estatística de varredura, foram identificados três aglomerados de proteção, AE1 (RR = 0,07), AE2 (RR = 0,23) e AE3 (RR = 0,36), e um aglomerado de alto risco, AE4 (RR = 1,47). CONCLUSÃO: A tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose se revelou decrescente na série temporal, todavia, um crescimento na detecção foi observado após introdução do TRM-TB, e ainda se evidenciou que há comportamento sazonal da tuberculose. A distribuição dos casos foi heterogênea, com tendência de concentração em territórios vulneráveis e de risco, evidenciando um padrão de desigualdade da doença no território.

Influência do clima na ocorrência de dengue em um município brasileiro de tríplice fronteira / Influencia del clima sobre la incidencia del dengue en un municipio brasileño de la triple frontera / Influence of the weather on the occurrence of dengue in a triple-border brazilian municipality

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a evolução temporal da incidência da dengue e sua correlação com variáveis climáticas em Foz do Iguaçu, um município brasileiro de tríplice fronteira, no período de agosto de 2006 a julho de 2016 Método estudo descritivo e analítico, realizado em 2018. Foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos dos sistemas de informações em saúde. Utilizou-se análise temporal e foi aplicado teste de regressão linear simples para avaliar a correlação entre as taxas de incidência da dengue e as variáveis climáticas Resultados os anos epidêmicos representaram 60% do período estudado. Ocorreu correlação positiva da incidência de dengue com a média da umidade relativa do ar (r=0,276; p=0,025), média da temperatura (até dois meses antes r=0,288; p=0,014) e pluviosidade (até três meses antes r=0,308; p=0,008) Conclusão as variáveis climáticas identificadas com relação positiva podem subsidiar a previsão e controle da epidemia de dengue

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la evolución en el tiempo de la incidencia del dengue y su correlación con variables climáticas en Foz do Iguaçu, un municipio brasileño de la triple frontera, durante el período de agosto de 2006 a julio de 2016 Método estudio descriptivo y analítico realizado en el año 2018. Se utilizaron datos secundarios obtenidos de los sistemas de datos de salud. Se empleó análisis temporal y se aplicó la prueba de regresión lineal simple para evaluar la correlación entre los índices de incidencia del dengue y las variables climáticas Resultados los años epidémicos representaron el 60% del período estudiado. Se registró una correlación positiva entre la incidencia del dengue y la humedad relativa del aire media (r=0,276; p=0,025), la temperatura media (hasta dos meses antes r=0,288; p=0,014) y la pluviosidad (hasta tres meses antes r=0,308; p=0,008) Conclusión las variables climáticas identificadas con una relación positiva pueden servir de soporte para predecir y controlar epidemias de dengue

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the temporal evolution of the incidence of dengue and its correlation with climatic variables in Foz do Iguaçu, a triple-border Brazilian municipality, in the period from August 2006 to July 2016 Method a descriptive and analytical study conducted in 2018. Secondary data obtained from the health information systems were used. Time analysis was employed and a simple linear regression test was applied to assess the correlation between the dengue incidence rates and the climatic variables Results the epidemic years represented 60% of the period studied. There was a positive correlation between incidence of dengue and mean relative humidity in the air (r=0.276; p=0.025), mean temperature (up to two months before r=0.288; p=0.014) and pluviosity (up to three months before r=0.308; p=0.008) Conclusion the climatic variables identified as with a positive relationship can support prediction and control of the dengue epidemic

Telessaúde e Covid-19: experiências da enfermagem e psicologia em Foz do Iguaçu / Telehealth and Covid-19: experiences of nursing and psychology in Foz do Iguaçu

A pandemia do novo coronavírus mostrou a necessidade da utilização de meios tecnológicos no exercício das atividades que envolvem a atenção à saúde. Nesse sentido, pretende-se relatar as atividades desenvolvidas em uma Central de Telessaúde com intervenções de Enfermagem e Psicologia no enfrentamento à Covid-19. Utilizou-se o método de estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência, desenvolvido em um projeto de extensão em uma universidade estadual localizada no extremo oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), no município de Foz do Iguaçu. Para este relato constam as atividades desenvolvidas entre abril e julho de 2020. Os resultados revelaram que as intervenções realizadas, tais como escuta qualificada, orientações e encaminhamentos, permitiram a manutenção dos cuidados de prevenção e promoção à saúde. Conclui-se que a experiência vivenciada nos possibilitou perceber que é possível prestar atendimentos na área de Enfermagem e Psicologia mediante uso de tecnologia remota, para evitar maiores agravos na saúde da população. (AU)

The new coronavirus pandemic showed the need to use technological means to carry out activities that involve health care. In this sense, we intend to report the activities developed in a Telehealth Center with Nursing and Psychology interventions to face Covid-19. We used the descriptive study method of the type of experience report, developed in an extension project in a state university located in the extreme west of Paraná (Unioeste), in the city of Foz do Iguaçu. This report includes the activities developed between April and July 2020. The results showed that the interventions performed, such as qualified listening, guidelines and referrals, allowed the maintenance of preventive care and health promotion. It is concluded that the experience made it possible for us to realize that it is possible to provide care in the area of Nursing and Psychology through the use of remote technology, to avoid further damage to the population's health. (AU)

Completude do Sistema de Informação em Tuberculose no estado do Paraná, 2008-2017: estudo ecológico / Completeness of the tuberculosis information system in the state of Paraná, 2008-2017: an ecological study / Integridad del sistema de información sobre tuberculosis en el estado de Paraná, 2008-2017: un estúdio ecológico

Objetivo: analisar a completude dos dados de tuberculose no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Método: estudo ecológico composto por casos notificados de tuberculose tratados no Paraná de 2008 a 2017. Os dados foram agrupados em variáveis de notificação, acompanhamento e complementares e compreendiam informações de preenchimento obrigatórias e essenciais. Classificou-se a completude como excelente (50%). A pesquisa atende a resolução 510/2016 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resultados: variáveis obrigatórias apresentaram menos de 5% de incompletude, as essenciais tiveram avaliação muito ruim para teste de sensibilidade, tabagismo, drogas ilícitas. A completude do grupo acompanhamento piorou ao longo dos anos, demais grupos apresentaram melhora, exceto em 2014. Conclusão: completude insatisfatória em parte das variáveis essenciais e diminuição da completude no grupo acompanhamento revela repercussão no vinculo individuo-serviço de saúde e no desfecho dos casos.

Objective: to examine the completeness of tuberculosis data in Brazil's Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN). Method: this ecological study considered notified cases of tuberculosis treated in Paraná between 2008 and 2017. Data were grouped into notification, follow-up and complementary variables and comprised mandatory and essential information. Completeness was classified as excellent (< 5% incomplete), good (5 to < 10%), regular (10 to < 20%), poor (20 to 50%) and very poor (> 50%). The study complies with Conselho Nacional de Saúde Resolution 510/2016. Results: mandatory variables were less than 5% incomplete, and essentials performed very poorly for sensitivity test, smoking and illicit drugs. The completeness in follow-up information worsened over the years, while other groups improved, except in 2014. Conclusion: unsatisfactory completeness in some essential variables, and decreasing completeness in follow-up information, reveal repercussions on bonding between individual and health service, and on case outcomes.

Objetivo: examinar la integridad de los datos sobre tuberculosis en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables de Brasil (SINAN). Método: este estudio ecológico consideró los casos notificados de tuberculosis tratados en Paraná entre 2008 y 2017. Los datos se agruparon en variables de notificación, seguimiento y complementarias y comprendieron información obligatoria y esencial. La integridad se clasificó como excelente ( 50%). El estudio cumple con la Resolución 510/2016 del Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resultados: las variables obligatorias fueron menos del 5% incompletas, y lo esencial tuvo muy mal desempeño en la prueba de sensibilidad, tabaquismo y drogas ilícitas. La completitud en la información de seguimiento empeoró con los años, mientras que otros grupos mejoraron, excepto en 2014. Conclusión: completitud insatisfactoria en algunas variables esenciales, y una completitud decreciente en la información de seguimiento, revelan repercusiones en la vinculación entre individuo y servicio de salud, y en resultados del caso.

Risk areas for tuberculosis among children and their inequalities in a city from Southeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to identify areas of risk for the appearance of tuberculosis in children and their association with social inequalities in a municipality in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Ecological study conducted in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. To identify areas of spatial risk for tuberculosis in children, we used spatial scanning statistics. To analyze the association of cases of childhood tuberculosis with social vulnerability, we used the Social Vulnerability Index of São Paulo, and four explanatory statistical models were listed. RESULTS: There were 96 cases of childhood tuberculosis, of which 90 were geocoded through a process of converting addresses to geographic coordinates. A risk area was identified in the municipality, where children under 15 years old have 3.14 times greater risk of contracting tuberculosis than those living outside this area. The variables identified as risk factors were: number of private and collective households, proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years in the population, proportion of households without per capita income, and the proportion of private households with monthly nominal incomes of up to one quarter of wage minimums. The variables identified as protection factors were the proportion of women under the age of 30 years responsible for the household under and women responsible for the household with an average income over BRL 2344. CONCLUSION: The study showed areas of risk for the occurrence of tuberculosis in children. The study is in line with the End TB Strategy and the 2030 Agenda, which aim to support strategic actions and, therefore, save the lives of children through the systematic, intensified, and comprehensive identification of children with tuberculosis respiratory symptoms in the community.

Trends and forecasts of leprosy for a hyperendemic city from Brazil's northeast: Evidence from an eleven-year time-series analysis.

This study's objective was to estimate the temporal trends of leprosy according to sex and age groups, as well as to estimate and predict the progression of the disease in a hyperendemic city located in the northeast of Brazil. This ecological time-series study was conducted in Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil. Leprosy cases diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 were included. Detection rates stratified by sex and age groups were estimated. The study of temporal trends was accomplished using the Seasonal-Trend Decomposition method and temporal modeling of detection rates using linear seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model according to Box and Jenkins method. Trend forecasts were performed for the 2017-2020 period. A total of 3,212 cases of leprosy were identified, the average incidence among men aged between 30 and 59 years old was 201.55/100,000 inhabitants and among women in the same age group was 135.28/100,000 inhabitants. Detection rates in total and by sex presented a downward trend, though rates stratified according to sex and age presented a growing trend among men aged less than 15 years old and among women aged 60 years old or over. The final models selected in the time-series analysis show the forecasts of total detection rates and rates for men and women presented a downward trend for the 2017-2020 period. Even though the forecasts show a downward trend in Imperatriz, the city is unlikely to meet a significant decrease of the disease burden by 2020.

Social determinants of deaths from pneumonia and tuberculosis in children in Brazil: an ecological study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk areas of deaths due to unspecified pneumonia and tuberculosis (TB) in children, and to identify if there is a relationship between these events with higher TB incidence and social determinants. METHODS: Ecological study carried out in Brazil. All cases of TB or unspecified pneumonia deaths in children under 5 years of age reported between 2006 and 2016 were included and collected through Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (Brazil's electronic database). The Spatial Scan Statistics was used to identify areas at higher risk of dying from this event. The spatial association was verified through the Getis-Ord techniques. The Bivariate Moran Global Index was used to verify the spatial autocorrelation between the two events. To identify the association of TB and pneumonia deaths with endemic areas of pulmonary TB and social determinants, four explanatory statistical models were identified. RESULTS: A total of 21 391 cases of pneumonia and 238 cases of TB were identified. Spatial scanning analysis enabled the detection of four clusters of risk for TB (relative risk, RR, between 3.30 and 18.18) and 22 clusters for pneumonia (RR between 1.38 and 5.24). The spatial association of the events was confirmed (z-score 3.74 and 64.34) and spatial autocorrelation between events (Moran Index:0.031 (p=0.001)). The zero-inflated negative binomial distribution was chosen, and an association for both events was identified with the TB incidence rate (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.85 to 9.84; OR 6.63, 95% CI 5.62 to 7.81), with the Gini Index (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.82; OR 4.22, 95% CI 3.63 to4.92). Primary care coverage showed an inverse association for both events (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.17; OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.21) for pneumonia). Finally, a family that benefited from the Bolsa Família Programme had an inverse association for deaths from pneumonia (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.25). CONCLUSIONS: The results do not just contribute to reduce mortality in children, but mainly contribute to prevent premature deaths through identification of critical areas in Brazil, which is crucial to qualify health surveillance services.

Spatial distribution and temporal trend of National Health System and Supplemental Health Sector human resources, Brazil, 2005-2016. / A distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal de recursos humanos para o Sistema Único de Saúde e para a Saúde Suplementar, Brasil, 2005 a 2016.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trend of human resources for the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and the Supplemental Health sector. METHODS: an ecological study was conducted in the country's 27 Federative Units (FUs); SUS Information Technology Department (DATASUS) data were used relating to the doctor, dental surgeon, nurse and nursing technician personnel categories for the period 2005-2016; Prais-Winsten regression was used to assess the time trend. RESULTS: there was an rising trend of Supplemental Health Sector human resources in all personnel categories, with an mean annual increase of 0.054 (95%CI: 0.031;0.076); with regard to SUS, there was an increase in dental surgeons and nursing technicians, with annual increases of 0.008 (95%CI: 0.003;0.011), and 0.066 (95%CI 0.022; 0.087), respectively, while in most FU, nurses showed a stationary trend and doctors showed a stationary or falling trend. CONCLUSION: inequalities were found in human resource distribution, reflecting the health system crisis.

Magnitud de los determinantes sociales en el riesgo de mortalidad por tuberculosis en el Centro-Oeste de Brasil / Magnitude of social determinants in the risk of death from tuberculosis in Central-west Brazil

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la magnitud de los determinantes sociales en áreas de riesgo para la mortalidad por tuberculosis en una ciudad de alta incidencia de esta enfermedad. MÉTODO: Estudio ecológico que recogió los casos de muerte por tuberculosis registrados entre 2006 y 2016 en la capital del Estado de Mato Grosso (Brasil). Los determinantes sociales se obtuvieron de las Unidades de Desarrollo Humano. Se utilizó la estadística de barrido para identificar las áreas de riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para identificar dimensiones de determinantes sociales, y se aplicó regresión logística múltiple para verificar asociaciones entre las dimensiones de los determinantes sociales y el riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis. El error estándar se estableció en un 5% para todas las pruebas estadísticas. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 225 muertes por tuberculosis en el periodo, distribuidas heterogéneamente en el espacio. Se identificó un conglomerado de riesgo para la mortalidad por tuberculosis, con un riesgo relativo de 2,09 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,48-2,94; p = 0,04). Los determinantes sociales «bajo nivel escolar» y «pobreza» se mostraron asociados al riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis (odds ratio [OR]: 2,92; IC95%: 1,17-7,28). La renta presentó asociación negativa con el riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis (OR: 0,05; IC95%: 0,00-0,70). El valor de la curva ROC del modelo fue del 92,1%. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados confirman que el riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis es un problema asociado a los determinantes sociales. Las políticas de salud y los programas de protección social pueden contribuir a enfrentarse a este problema

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnitude of social determinants in areas of risk of mortality due to tuberculosis in a high incidence city. METHOD: Ecological study, which recruited the cases of tuberculosis deaths registered between 2006 and 2016 in the capital of Mato Grosso-Brazil. The social determinants were obtained from the Human Development Units. Sweep statistics were used to identify areas of risk of mortality due to tuberculosis. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify dimensions of social determinants. Multiple logistic regression was applied to verify associations between the dimensions of social determinants and the risk of mortality from tuberculosis. A 5% error was fixed. The standard error was established at 5% for all statistical tests. RESULTS: A total of 225 deaths due to tuberculosis were registered in the period, distributed heterogeneously in the space. A cluster of risk for tuberculosis mortality was identified, with RR=2.09 (95%CI: 1.48-2.94; p = 0.04). Social determinants, low educational level and poverty were associated with the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis (OR: 2.92; 95%CI: 1.17-7.28). Income had a negative association with the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis (OR: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.00-0.70). The value of the ROC curve of the model was 92.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed that the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis is a problem associated with social determinants. Health policies and social protection programmes can collaborate to address this problem